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This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in knowledge acquisition for knowledge-based systems. It gives an overview of three major areas of advance in recent years: in conceptual and theoretical terms, the characterization of knowledge acquisition as a process of modeling expertise with a view to emulating and extending it; in methodological terms, the provision of detailed formal modeling methodologies...
This paper presents an investigation of knowledge acquisition in dynamic systems. The nature of dynamic systems is analyzed. A first ontology of the domain is proposed. Various distinctions are presented such as the agent perspective, the perception of temporal progression, and the notions of conseqences and expertise in dynamic systems. We use Rasmussen's model to characterize ways knowledge can...
We propose a general approach that explicates the construction process of problem solving methods (PSMs) employed in knowledge-based systems. As akey point we employ the notion of a competence theory of a problem solving method. Illustrations are taken from the diagnostic Cover-and-Differentiate method used in MOLE and from various forms of abductive diagnosis. It is then shown how a rational construction...
As part of the KADS library a generic model for reasoning in assessment tasks has been proposed [Breuker et al., 1987], and recently refined [Valente & Lockenhoff, 1993]. Most legal reasoning tasks are assessement tasks. An architecture has been developed for legal reasoning: TRACS [Breuker & denHaan, 1991]. In this architecture, a distinction is made between reasoning about a (legal) world...
C-KAT is a method and a tool which supports the design of “feature oriented” classification systems. During the design of these systems, one is very often confronted with the problem of the “calculation of the attribute cross-product”. It arises because the examination of the dependency and compatibility relations between the attributes leads to the need to generate the cross-product of their features...
Although expert system shells based on role-limiting methods are very powerful in supporting expert system development by model-guided and graphical knowledge acquisition, it is a legitimate and often mentioned criticism that such shells usually are hard-wired and therefore hardly flexible if a given problem does not totally match the predefined method. In this paper we analyse the inner structure...
In this paper, we present a new system, ENIGME. Its purpose is to learn the operative domain knowledge in the form of a rule system that follows as closely as possible the explicit reasoning method chosen for the future system. To this end we have mapped the inputs of a Machine Learning system to different parts of the model of expertise as it is used in the KADS methodology. This knowledge constrains...
In this paper we describe an experiment in which we cast Generic Tasks into the mold provided by KEW. The result was advantageous for both GT theory and KEW-GT benefitted by being formalized, and by gaining a computer implementation. KEW benefitted by having its strategy vindicated on a new target theory, and having its software more thoroughly tested. The experiment also exposed a weakness in the...
We summarize the papers submitted for the methods-of-problem-solving part of Sisyphus in 1991 and 1992. We describe a three-dimensional framework to situate and compare the different approaches that were used to solve the office assignment problem. We analyze the approaches by highlighting the building blocks they provide to the model creator, their focus (i.e., conceptualisation or implementation),...
In the prospect of acquiring control knowledge, we have concentrated on the relation between reasoning knowledge and domain knowledge. In this perspective, the central entity we need to analyse is the control roles that appear in the description of a problem solving method. After describing what these control roles are in central approaches such as KADS and Commet, we advocate a refinement of these...
In this paper we present an approach which proposes the development of a semiformal representation of the expertise in the knowledge acquisition phase in addition to a formal and operational one. The semiformal representation serves as a basis for communication between the knowledge engineer and the expert allowing the expert to be integrated in the knowledge engineering process. Knowledge elements...
Effective knowledge acquisition amounts to having good sources of expectations that can provide guidance about what knowledge needs to be acquired from users. Current approaches to knowledge acquisition often rely on strong models of the problem-solving method used in the task domain to form expectations. These methods are often implicit in the tool, which is a strong limitation for their use in different...
In this paper, we present CERISE, a workbench for cyclic acquisition of knowledge. Our approach is based on the following features: The origin of this approach is to be found in the KADS modelisation. This approach is complete because it guides the expert during the acquisition process right to the expression of knowledge rules. Moreover, it is twice cyclic: an “internal”...
Personal construct psychology is a theory of individual and group psychological and social processes that has been used extensively in knowledge acquisition research to model the cognitive processes of human experts. The psychology has the advantage of taking a constructivist position appropriate to the modeling of specialist human knowledge but basing this on a positivist scientific position that...
This paper suggests that a distinction between knowledge acquisition methods should be made. On the one hand there are methods which aim to help the expert and knowledge engineer analyse what knowledge is involved in solving a particular type of problem and how this problem solving is carried out. These methods are concerned with classifying the different types of problem solving and providing tools...
We first review existing methodological work concerning application development with uncertain, incomplete and time-varying knowledge. Second, we propose how existing methodologies can be used and extended when developing such applications. We also report an experiment we carried out, involving different methodological components. The experiment was done to give ideas to and support our proposal.
VITAL is a research and development project which aims to provide methodological and software support for developing large, embedded KBS applications. VITAL is novel in that its ambition is to develop a methodology-based workbench covering the whole KBS life-cycle, from requirements specification to implementation, and to integrate and deploy a number of techniques drawn from artificial intelligence,...
The aim of this research effort is to develop a method for automating knowledge acquisition, that can be employed to generate knowledge-based systems, making few initial constraints on the type of problem solving mechanism. This method is based on the following principles: (1) problem solving can be described with primitives that can be reused and rearranged to model problem solving processes in various...
Knowledge is produced in the context of very specific social praxis, and it's production needs energy. This energy can be made profitable if knowledge is saved and re-used to produce new adaptive solutions to more complex environments. Knowledge engineering is a praxis that is an answer to that need. This task can be assisted by a methodology and a set of tools: it is named “computer assisted knowledge...
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